Peace and Conflict Transformations in Kenya
10 Grade 10 History and Citizenship questions on Peace and Conflict Transformations in Kenya, with worked marking schemes. 10 questions are available on this topic in full.
Question 1
4 marksExplain four causes of resource-based conflict in the arid and semi-arid areas of Kenya.
(4 marks)
Marking scheme
Award 1 mark for each cause correctly explained, to a maximum of 4. - Competition for pasture and water points during prolonged drought, when herders from different areas converge on the few remaining sources. - Disputes over grazing boundaries where the limits between community lands or counties are unclear or contested. - Cattle rustling, which has shifted from a cultural practice to a commercial trade in stolen livestock. - The presence of illegal firearms, which turns small disagreements into deadly and long-lasting hostilities. - Changes in land use, such as fencing for farms or conservancies, which block traditional stock routes and migration corridors. - Limited government services, roads and markets in remote areas, which slows response to early warnings and deepens a sense of neglect. Answers should describe the pressure on resources rather than attribute blame to any named community.
Question 2
2 marksDistinguish between negotiation and mediation as methods of resolving conflict.
(2 marks)
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1 markThe Nyumba Kumi initiative contributes to peace in a neighbourhood mainly by
A. registering voters at the village level before an election
B. sitting as a court with power to send offenders to prison
C. taking over from the National Police Service the work of arresting offenders
D. encouraging neighbours to know one another so that emerging threats are noticed and reported early
(1 mark)
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1 markConflict transformation differs from merely settling a conflict because conflict transformation
A. can be carried out only by a court of law
B. brings the fighting to an end quickly without asking why it started
C. deals with the underlying causes and with the relationship between the parties so that the conflict does not recur
D. insists that one side must be declared the winner and the other the loser
(1 mark)
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4 marksSuggest four measures that a secondary school can take to promote peaceful coexistence among learners drawn from different communities.
(4 marks)
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3 marksExplain three effects of prolonged conflict on the economy of an affected area in Kenya.
(3 marks)
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1 markThe National Cohesion and Integration Commission was established mainly for the purpose of
A. investigating and prosecuting every crime committed in Kenya
B. distributing relief food to communities affected by drought
C. promoting equality of opportunity and good relations among Kenya's communities
D. supervising the counting of votes during a general election
(1 mark)
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5 marksDescribe five traditional methods that communities in Kenya have used to resolve conflict among themselves.
(5 marks)
Marking scheme
Award 1 mark for each method correctly described, to a maximum of 5. - Hearings before a council of elders, who listen to both sides in public and give a ruling that the community is expected to accept. - Payment of compensation in livestock or other goods to the wronged family, which restores the relationship and discourages revenge. - Oathing or swearing before elders and the community to establish the truth and to bind the parties to keep the agreement. - Cleansing and reconciliation rituals, such as slaughtering an animal and sharing a meal, to mark the formal end of hostility. - Negotiated agreements between neighbouring communities on the sharing of pasture, water points and salt licks, sealed at a joint ceremony. - Intermarriage and the exchange of gifts, which build lasting bonds between communities that were formerly enemies. - Use of respected go-betweens such as elders, religious leaders or women's groups, who carry messages between sides that are not on speaking terms.
Question 9
1 markNoting the early warning signs of conflict in a community is important mainly because it
A. enables local leaders and residents to act on rising tension before it turns into violence
B. shows which community should be blamed for violence that happened in the past
C. removes the need for dialogue between the groups concerned
D. guarantees that the police will arrest every person involved in the dispute
(1 mark)
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1 markArticle 159 of the Constitution of Kenya requires courts to promote alternative forms of dispute resolution. Which one of the following is an example of such a form?
A. Detaining all the parties in custody until they agree
B. Sentencing the offender to a longer term of imprisonment
C. Appealing the case to a higher court for a fresh ruling
D. Mediation, in which a neutral third party helps the disputing parties to reach their own agreement
(1 mark)
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