Modern Nationalism in Africa

10 Grade 10 History and Citizenship questions on Modern Nationalism in Africa, with worked marking schemes. 10 questions are available on this topic in full.

1. Question 1

   1 mark

   Nationalism is best described as the:

   A. movement of people from the rural areas into towns in search of employment

   B. practice of trading freely with neighbouring countries without paying duty

   C. desire of a people who share a common identity and history to govern themselves and control their own affairs

   D. control of one country by another which governs it and exploits its resources

   (1 mark)

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2. Question 2

   1 mark

   Which one of the following was the first colony in sub-Saharan Africa to attain independence from colonial rule?

   A. Kenya

   B. Nigeria

   C. Ghana

   D. Tanganyika

   (1 mark)

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3. Question 3

   1 mark

   African soldiers who returned home after the Second World War strengthened nationalist movements mainly because they:

   A. were given large farms in the highlands and so became wealthy landowners

   B. had seen European powers defeated in war, which destroyed the belief that colonial rule could not be challenged

   C. returned with firearms which they used to attack colonial administrative posts

   D. were appointed chiefs and headmen in place of the existing local leaders

   (1 mark)

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4. Question 4

   1 mark

   In 1944, an African member was nominated to the Legislative Council in colonial Kenya for the first time. Why was this step important to nationalists?

   A. It gave Africans the majority of the seats in the Council

   B. It gave Africans a formal voice in the body that made laws, which they then pressed to widen

   C. It transferred control of the colonial government to Africans

   D. It removed all racial restrictions on where people could live and farm

   (1 mark)

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5. Question 5

   5 marks

   Describe five ways in which nationalist movements spread their message to ordinary people in the rural areas.

   (5 marks)

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6. Question 6

   6 marks

   Explain six challenges that faced nationalist movements in Africa during the struggle for independence.

   (6 marks)

   Marking scheme

   Award 1 mark each for any six explained challenges: - Legal restrictions: colonial governments banned or restricted political parties, sometimes confining them to district level. - Detention, restriction and trial of leaders, which deprived movements of experienced leadership. - Censorship of newspapers and refusal of permits for meetings, which limited communication. - Shortage of funds, since members were poor and subscriptions were small, making it hard to run offices, travel and send delegations abroad. - Poor transport and communication networks, which made it difficult to reach scattered rural populations. - High levels of illiteracy, which limited the effect of written propaganda. - Differences among the movements themselves over strategy, timing and regional interests, which weakened a united front. - States of emergency and heavy security measures that restricted movement and assembly. - Vast size and mixed populations of some territories, which made territory-wide organisation difficult.

7. Question 7

   4 marks

   Account for the wide support that nationalist parties received from African workers in towns such as Nairobi and Mombasa in the 1950s.

   (4 marks)

   Marking scheme

   Award 1 mark each for any four explained points: - Low wages that did not meet the cost of living in town, so workers looked to the parties to press for better pay. - Poor and overcrowded housing in the African locations of the towns, with few services such as water and sanitation. - Controls on movement, residence and employment, including registration and pass requirements, which workers wanted removed. - Racial separation in employment, pay scales, schools and public facilities, which the parties promised to end. - Insecurity of work and unemployment, especially for young people moving in from the rural areas. - Trade unions were already organised in the towns and their leaders and members carried nationalist ideas into the workplaces. - Towns brought together people from many parts of the country, making it easy to hold meetings and recruit members.

8. Question 8

   3 marks

   State three features that distinguished modern nationalism in Africa from the earlier forms of resistance to colonial rule.

   (3 marks)

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9. Question 9

   1 mark

   Why was the Pan-African Congress held at Manchester in 1945 important to the rise of modern nationalism in Africa?

   A. It fixed the boundaries of the African states that were to become independent later

   B. It raised a joint army to drive the colonial powers out of Africa by force

   C. It demanded an end to colonial rule and brought together leaders who later led their own countries to independence

   D. It established a single political party to govern the whole of Africa after independence

   (1 mark)

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10. Question 10

    2 marks

    Distinguish between constitutional and armed methods used by nationalist movements in Africa in their struggle for independence.

    (2 marks)

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