First Generation of Industrial Revolution in Europe and Africa

10 Grade 10 History and Citizenship questions on First Generation of Industrial Revolution in Europe and Africa, with worked marking schemes. 10 questions are available on this topic in full.

1. Question 1

   1 mark

   The building of railways in Britain during the first generation of the Industrial Revolution assisted manufacturers mainly because it

   A. lowered the cost and the time taken to move raw materials to the factories and finished goods to the markets

   B. made it possible to run a factory in a place that had no source of power at all

   C. brought overseas trade by ship to an end

   D. removed the need for coal to be used in the factories

   (1 mark)

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2. Question 2

   1 mark

   Muhammad Ali's attempt to industrialise Egypt in the early nineteenth century rested largely on

   A. cotton grown along the Nile and processed in state-owned textile factories

   B. gold mined on the Witwatersrand

   C. crude oil exported from the Nile Delta

   D. tea and coffee grown in the Egyptian highlands

   (1 mark)

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3. Question 3

   3 marks

   Explain three factors that enabled Britain to industrialise earlier than other European countries.

   (3 marks)

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4. Question 4

   2 marks

   Distinguish between the domestic system and the factory system of production during the Industrial Revolution.

   (2 marks)

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5. Question 5

   1 mark

   The growth of factory industry in Europe during the first generation of the Industrial Revolution affected Africa mainly by

   A. increasing Europe's demand for raw materials such as palm oil, cotton and minerals, and for markets in which to sell machine-made goods

   B. making hand-woven African cloth the main textile sold in European shops

   C. bringing European trade with the African coast to an end

   D. causing European factories to depend on machinery manufactured within Africa

   (1 mark)

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6. Question 6

   1 mark

   The first generation of the Industrial Revolution in Europe is best described as the period when

   A. goods that had been made by hand in homes began to be made by machines in water- and steam-powered factories

   B. European farmers stopped growing crops altogether and depended entirely on imported food

   C. Britain replaced coal with electricity and oil as the main sources of factory power

   D. European countries closed their ports and stopped trading with the rest of the world

   (1 mark)

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7. Question 7

   1 mark

   The spinning jenny and the water frame changed the British textile industry by

   A. making the weaving of cloth by hand an offence punishable by law

   B. greatly increasing the amount of yarn that could be spun, which moved spinning out of homes and into mills

   C. reducing the quantity of raw cotton that a piece of cloth required

   D. ending the importation of raw cotton into Britain

   (1 mark)

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8. Question 8

   4 marks

   Account for the growth of industry in South Africa following the discovery of diamonds and gold in the second half of the nineteenth century.

   (4 marks)

   Marking scheme

   Award 1 mark for each reason correctly explained, to a maximum of 4. - Mineral wealth attracted large amounts of foreign capital, which was invested in deep-level mining and later in other industries. - Railways and roads were built from the coastal ports to Kimberley and the Witwatersrand, easing the movement of machinery, fuel and goods. - Deep mining created a demand for engineering, explosives, metal working and repair works, which grew up around the mining centres. - A large labour force was drawn to the mines from across the region, creating settlements and a market for food, clothing and housing. - Mining towns such as Kimberley and Johannesburg grew rapidly, providing markets and services that supported further manufacturing. - Revenue from the mines and coal from local fields supplied funds and power for further industrial expansion.

9. Question 9

   5 marks

   Describe five social effects of the first generation of the Industrial Revolution on the people of Britain.

   (5 marks)

   Marking scheme

   Award 1 mark for each effect correctly described, to a maximum of 5. - Rapid urbanisation as people moved from villages to factory towns such as Manchester in search of work. - Overcrowded and poorly built housing with no proper sanitation, leading to diseases such as cholera and typhoid. - Employment of women and young children in mills and mines for long hours at low wages and in unsafe conditions. - The rise of a wage-earning working class tied to factory hours, bells and supervision, in place of work done at one's own pace at home. - The growth of a wealthy middle class of factory owners, bankers and traders whose standard of living rose sharply. - The formation of workers' associations and trade unions to press for better wages, shorter hours and safer workplaces.

10. Question 10

    3 marks

    Explain three factors that hindered the industrialisation of Egypt in the nineteenth century.

    (3 marks)

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