Establishment of Colonial Rule

10 Grade 10 History and Citizenship questions on Establishment of Colonial Rule, with worked marking schemes. 10 questions are available on this topic in full.

1. Question 1

   2 marks

   Distinguish between a protectorate and a colony as forms of British rule.

   (2 marks)

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2. Question 2

   1 mark

   In 1895 the British government declared the East Africa Protectorate and took over the administration of the area from the Imperial British East Africa Company. The main reason for this takeover was that the company:

   A. had completed the building of the Uganda Railway to Kisumu

   B. had been ordered out of the territory by the Sultan of Zanzibar

   C. had run out of funds and could no longer meet the cost of administration

   D. had been defeated in a major war by communities of the interior

   (1 mark)

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3. Question 3

   1 mark

   The area that later became Kenya was claimed by Britain as its sphere of influence before any British administration was set up on the ground. How did Britain come to make this claim?

   A. The area was surrendered to Britain by Egypt in exchange for control of the River Nile

   B. Britain seized the area from Portugal after defeating it in a war on the East African coast

   C. Britain and Germany signed agreements that divided the region between them, leaving the northern portion to Britain

   D. The area was handed to Britain by the League of Nations as a mandated territory after the First World War

   (1 mark)

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4. Question 4

   1 mark

   Some Kenyan communities chose to sign treaties with British agents rather than confront them militarily. Which statement best describes the long-term outcome for such communities?

   A. They were permanently exempted from paying taxes to the colonial government

   B. They still came under colonial administration and later lost land and political authority

   C. They were given the same legal status as European settlers

   D. They were allowed to elect their own representatives to the Legislative Council

   (1 mark)

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5. Question 5

   4 marks

   Explain four ways in which the building of the Uganda Railway helped the British to establish colonial rule in the interior of Kenya.

   (4 marks)

   Marking scheme

   Award 1 mark for each correctly explained way, maximum 4 marks: - It allowed soldiers and administrators to be moved quickly from the coast into the interior, so resistance could be put down and posts supplied. - It made it cheap to carry goods to and from the coast, which encouraged European settlement that the administration then had to govern. - Administrative and trading centres such as Nairobi and Kisumu grew along the line and became centres of colonial authority. - It carried the telegraph line inland, which improved communication between the coast and up-country stations. - Its heavy cost pushed the government to make the territory pay for itself through taxation and settler farming, which deepened colonial control. The way must be linked to the establishment of control. A way that is merely named, with no explanation of how it helped the British, earns no mark.

6. Question 6

   5 marks

   Describe five duties that were performed by African chiefs and headmen in the colonial administration.

   (5 marks)

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7. Question 7

   3 marks

   State three reasons why Britain was interested in establishing colonial rule in Kenya in the late nineteenth century.

   (3 marks)

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8. Question 8

   1 mark

   From 1920 African men in the East Africa Protectorate were required to carry a registration certificate in a small metal container worn round the neck. The main purpose of this certificate was to:

   A. record a worker's employment details so that he could be traced if he left a job

   B. allow the holder to buy farm land in the White Highlands reserved for Europeans

   C. show that the holder had completed a course of primary school education

   D. give the holder the right to vote for members of the Legislative Council

   (1 mark)

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9. Question 9

   1 mark

   The colonial government required Africans to pay hut tax and poll tax in cash. A major effect of this requirement on African communities in the early twentieth century was that:

   A. each household was allocated a free plot of land in the White Highlands

   B. African farmers were encouraged to grow coffee and tea for the export market

   C. barter trade between communities expanded rapidly across the Protectorate

   D. many men left home to seek wage employment on settler farms and in the towns

   (1 mark)

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10. Question 10

    6 marks

    Explain six effects of land alienation on African communities in colonial Kenya.

    (6 marks)

    Marking scheme

    Award 1 mark for each effect correctly explained, maximum 6 marks: - Communities lost fertile farming land in the highlands, which was set aside for European settlement. - Africans were confined to reserves with fixed boundaries, which limited where they could farm and settle. - Reserves became overcrowded and overstocked, leading to soil exhaustion and erosion and to falling harvests. - A squatter system developed, in which families lived and worked on settler farms in exchange for a small plot to cultivate. - Pastoral communities lost dry-season grazing grounds and watering points, which weakened their herds during drought. - Communities lost access to sacred sites, burial grounds and salt licks that lay in the alienated land. - The authority of elders who had traditionally allocated land was weakened, since land was now controlled by the colonial state. - Land grievances became a central cause of the political associations formed from the 1920s onwards. Credit any six distinct, correctly explained effects; repetition of the same point in different words earns one mark only.

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