Folding

16 Grade 10 Geography questions on Folding, with worked marking schemes. 16 questions are available on this topic in full.

1. Question 1

   1 mark

   In some folds the compression becomes so great that the rock snaps and one limb is pushed bodily forward over the other along the fracture. Such a structure is called:

   A. A monoclinal fold

   B. A simple symmetrical fold

   C. An asymmetrical fold

   D. An overthrust fold

   (1 mark)

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2. Question 2

   1 mark

   In which one of the following folds do both limbs lie parallel to each other and dip in the same direction at the same angle?

   A. Monoclinal fold

   B. Isoclinal fold

   C. Simple symmetrical fold

   D. Anticlinorium

   (1 mark)

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3. Question 3

   1 mark

   Which one of the following African highland areas was formed mainly by folding?

   A. Mount Kilimanjaro

   B. The Atlas Mountains

   C. The Rwenzori Mountains

   D. The Aberdare Range

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4. Question 4

   1 mark

   Folding is most clearly displayed in which one of the following?

   A. Massive granite that cooled slowly deep underground

   B. Lava that has just solidified on a crater floor

   C. Thick layers of sedimentary rock laid down in a basin

   D. Loose volcanic ash resting on a hill slope

   (1 mark)

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5. Question 5

   1 mark

   The folding of rock layers in the earth's crust is caused mainly by:

   A. The weight of overlying ice and snow pressing on the rocks

   B. Compressional forces pushing rocks towards each other

   C. Molten magma forcing its way upwards from the mantle

   D. Tensional forces pulling the crust apart

   (1 mark)

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6. Question 6

   3 marks

   State three conditions that favour the folding of rocks in the earth's crust.

   (3 marks)

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7. Question 7

   2 marks

   Distinguish between an anticline and a syncline.

   (2 marks)

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8. Question 8

   4 marks

   Explain four ways in which folded rocks and fold structures are of benefit to people in Kenya and the wider region.

   (4 marks)

   Marking scheme

   Any four, 1 mark each. The benefit must be explained, not merely named: - The highly folded metamorphic rocks of the Mozambique Belt in Taita Taveta contain gemstones such as tsavorite and ruby, which are mined and sold, earning income and creating jobs (1). - Folded highlands force moist winds to rise, giving relief rainfall that supports crops such as tea, coffee and maize on the windward slopes (1). - Folded hills act as water catchments, feeding streams used for domestic supply and small-scale irrigation (1). - Anticlines can trap petroleum and natural gas beneath impermeable rock, so they are valuable targets for prospecting (1). - Scenic folded ridges and valleys, such as the Taita Hills, attract tourists and hikers, earning revenue for local communities (1). - Folded hills are cooler and less infested with pests, making them suitable for settlement and dairy farming (1).

9. Question 9

   3 marks

   Describe each of the following types of folds: (a) simple symmetrical fold; (b) asymmetrical fold; (c) recumbent fold.

   (3 marks)

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10. Question 10

    3 marks

    Account for the absence of large young fold mountains in Kenya.

    (3 marks)

    Marking scheme

    Any three, 1 mark each: - Kenya lies in the stable interior of the African plate, far from a convergent plate boundary where compression is strong enough to build fold mountains (1). - The dominant forces acting on the region have been tensional, producing the Rift Valley through faulting rather than folding (1). - Much of Kenya's high relief was built by volcanic activity, for example Mount Kenya and the Aberdare Range, not by the crumpling of strata (1). - The folding that did occur is very ancient (the Mozambique Belt) and prolonged erosion has worn the mountains down to residual hills such as the Taita and Machakos hills (1).

11. Question 11

    1 mark

    Learners on a geography trip stop at a road cutting near Voi and see rock layers bent into a series of arches and troughs. The sloping sides of each bend, which run from a crest down to the neighbouring trough, are called the:

    A. Limbs

    B. Outcrops

    C. Troughs

    D. Axes

    (1 mark)

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12. Question 12

    4 marks

    Describe how fold mountains are formed.

    (4 marks)

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13. Question 13

    1 mark

    Young fold mountain ranges such as the Himalayas and the Andes are located mainly:

    A. Along boundaries where two crustal plates are moving towards each other

    B. In the middle of large, stable continental plates

    C. Around the shores of large inland lakes

    D. Along the floors of deep ocean trenches, far from any land

    (1 mark)

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14. Question 14

    6 marks

    A Grade 10 class plans to carry out a field study of folded rock structures on a hillside near their school.

    (a) Outline three activities the learners would carry out while at the site.

    (b) State three problems they are likely to face during the study.

    (6 marks)

    Marking scheme

    (a) Any three activities, 1 mark each: - Observing and identifying the folded rock layers, noting anticlines and synclines (1). - Drawing labelled sketches of the exposed rock structures (1). - Taking measurements, for example the angle of dip of the limbs, using a clinometer (1). - Taking photographs of the exposures (1). - Collecting and labelling rock samples for later identification (1). - Recording notes or interviewing a resource person such as a quarry worker (1). (b) Any three problems, 1 mark each: - Steep and slippery slopes making movement difficult and risky (1). - Sudden rainfall or very hot sunshine interfering with the exercise (1). - Vegetation cover or soil hiding the rock exposures (1). - Attack by dangerous animals, insects or snakes on the hillside (1). - Fatigue from walking long distances over rough ground (1). - Difficulty in identifying rock types and fold types without expert guidance (1).

15. Question 15

    4 marks

    Explain four ways in which fold mountains hinder human activities.

    (4 marks)

    Marking scheme

    Any four, 1 mark each. The effect must be linked to the activity: - Steep slopes and rugged relief make road and railway construction expensive, since cuttings, bridges and tunnels are needed (1). - Steep slopes encourage rapid run-off, soil erosion and landslides, which destroy farmland and homes (1). - Slopes are too steep for ploughs and tractors, so farming remains small-scale and labour-intensive (1). - Leeward slopes lie in a rain shadow and are dry, limiting farming to drought-resistant crops or to livestock keeping (1). - High altitudes are cold and misty, discouraging settlement and limiting the crops that can be grown (1). - Ranges act as barriers that isolate communities, making it difficult to deliver services such as health care and schooling (1).

16. Question 16

    1 mark

    When prospecting for petroleum, geologists pay special attention to anticlines because:

    A. The rocks at the crest of an anticline are always softer and cheaper to drill

    B. Oil and gas migrate upwards through porous rock and collect beneath the impermeable crest

    C. Anticlines are the only structures in which sedimentary rocks are found

    D. Drilling rigs work faster on an upfold than on a downfold

    (1 mark)

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